(used in medial and final positions as an unlinked letter) (similar to caught, but pronounced further back in the mouth.) (can be approximated with ei ther, but with the throat constricted) (can be approximated with table, but with the throat constricted) (can be approximated with dawn, but with the throat constricted) (can be approximated with sauce, but with the throat constricted) Scottish English cu rd, Spanish rolled r as in pe rro (pharyngeal h, may be approximated as a whispered hat)
Arabic letters usage in Literary ArabicĬlosest English equivalent in pronunciation Maghrebian hijāʾī orderįor other uses, see Arabic script. The hijāʾī order is never used as numerals.Īnother kind of hijāʾī order was used widely in the Maghreb until recently when it was replaced by the Mashriqi order.
Modern dictionaries and other reference books do not use the abjadī order to sort alphabetically instead, the newer hijāʾī order is used wherein letters are partially grouped together by similarity of shape. ʾabujadin hawazin ḥuṭiya kalman ṣaʿfaḍ qurisat thakhudh ẓaghush or *Abujadin hawazin h’ut(o)iya kalman s(w)åfad q(o)urisat t(s/h)akhudh z(h/w)ag(gh)ush hijāʾī The colors indicate which letters have different positions from the previous table ʾabujadin hawazin ḥuṭiya kalman saʿfaṣ qurishat thakhudh ḍaẓugh Maghrebian abjadī sequence (probably older) ء ʾabjad hawwaz ḥuṭṭī kalaman saʿfaṣ qarashat thakhadh ḍaẓagh. The six other letters that do not correspond to any north Semitic letter are placed at the end. Loss of sameḵ was compensated for by the split of shin ש into two independent Arabic letters, ش ( shīn) and ﺱ ( sīn) which moved up to take the place of sameḵ. The ʾabjadī order is not a simple historical continuation of the earlier north Semitic alphabetic order, since it has a position corresponding to the Aramaic letter samekh/semkat ס, yet no letter of the Arabic alphabet historically derives from that letter. The hijā’ī ( هِجَائِي) or alifbāʾī ( أَلِفْبَائِي) order, used where lists of names and words are sorted, as in phonebooks, classroom lists, and dictionaries, groups letters by similarity of shape. In this order, letters are also used as numbers, Abjad numerals, and possess the same alphanumeric code/ cipher as Hebrew gematria and Greek isopsephy. The original ʾabjadīy order ( أَبْجَدِيّ), used for lettering, derives from the order of the Phoenician alphabet, and is therefore similar to the order of other Phoenician-derived alphabets, such as the Hebrew alphabet. There are two main collating sequences for the Arabic alphabet: abjad and hija. The letter ن (n) also has the same form in initial and medial forms, with one dot above, though it is somewhat different in isolated and final form.īoth printed and written Arabic are cursive, with most of the letters within a word directly connected to the adjacent letters. For example, the Arabic letters ب (b), ت (t) and ث (th) have the same basic shape, but have one dot below, two dots above and three dots above, respectively.
These dots are an integral part of a letter, since they distinguish between letters that represent different sounds. Many letters look similar but are distinguished from one another by dots ( ʾiʿjām) above or below their central part ( rasm). There are no distinct upper and lower case letter forms. Adaptations of the Arabic script for other languages added and removed some letters, as for example Persian, Ottoman Turkish, Kurdish, Urdu, Sindhi, Azeri (in Iran), Malay, Pashto, Punjabi, Uyghur, Arwi and Arabi Malayalam, all of which have additional letters as shown below. The basic Arabic alphabet contains 28 letters.
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